Instigated by expression of this mutation, these cells become senescent, exiting the cell cycle and initiating the SASP, secreting increased levels of growth factors, including Shh, Bmp’s, Fgf’s, Cxcr4, Cxcl1, Ccl20, Tgfb, Il6, Il1a and Il1b. Expression of SASP components leads to transformation of surrounding non-mutant cells, which end up forming the tumour mass, rather than the tumour originating from mutant cells i.e. paracrine tumour formation [1, 47, 100, 101]. Here, CXCR4 is linked to neoplasm.