GSR and ischemia: In the present study, we measured GSH level, GPx, and GR activities in the hippocampus 2 days after ischemia because GSH depletion is most prominent 2 days after ischemia in gerbils34,57. Consistently with previous studies, GSH level, GPx, and GR activities were significantly decreased in the hippocampus 2 days after ischemia and administration with 0.9 mg/kg Tat-CHIP, not Con-CHIP, significantly alleviated the reduction of GSH level, GPx, and GR activities.