TNF and ischemia: In addition, Tat-CHIP showed neuroprotective effects against ischemic damage in a dose-dependent manner and significant ameliorative effects against ischemia-induced glial activation, oxidative stress (hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde), pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) release, and glutathione and its redox enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) in the hippocampus.