Patients with a defined cause of non-obstructive azoospermia but no chromosomal abnormalities (2 with Yq microdeletion, 2 with autosomal recessive infertility with increased FSH and no mutation in the FSHR gene, 1 with MAIS and confirmed mutation in the AR gene, and 1 with mutation in NR5A1 gene) were excluded. Here, AR is linked to Azoospermia.