BPIFB4 and diabetic cardiomyopathy: At this regard, we have been recently investigated the immunomodulatory role of LAV-BPIFB4 in diabetic cardiomyopathy [15] through the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis, known to be involved in the development of cardiac dysfunction underpinning diabetic cardiomyopathy [41,42] and reported as the mechanisms through which LAV-BPIFB4 induces M2 macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis [28].