IRS1 and Insulin resistance: A microfluid-controlled liver and kidney microphysiological system (LK-MPS) was used to confirm that PM2.5 disrupted classic IRS-1/AKT signaling pathways (INSR, PI3K, AKT, IRS-1, GLUT2, GLUT4 and FOXO1 downregulation) as well as IR-related metabolic pathways: lipid biosynthesis (ceramide and triacylglycerol), gluconeogenesis (β-d-glucose 6-phosphate) and lipid biosynthesis (ceramide and triacylglycerol) pathways, leading to dysregulation of glucose levels and aggravate hepatic insulin resistance [134].