TNF and ulcerative colitis: Notably, we also found that tumor-related pathways such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition, TNFA signaling by NFKB, inflammatory response, G2M checkpoint, IL6 JAK STAT3 signaling pathway, IL2 STAT5 signaling pathway, KRAS signaling pathway and hypoxia were upregulated in ulcerative colitis tissues.