Among the Pfams, trypsin, trypsin-like peptidase domain, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIC)-type PPIASE domain, and peptidase families M23 and U32 were found at a higher relative abundance in the IBD microbiomes, compared to those of the healthy controls (Fig. 5A–E). Here, LAP3 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.