Although the number of genes of human COL gene set is not fully elucidated in IBD research yet, a complement factor C4BPB, another gene found in the overlapped signature between human COL gene set and inflammatory signature, also showed the upregulated expression in inflammation (Supplementary Fig. 5), suggesting that collagen type I medicated fate conversion of epithelial cells dictates the induction of inflammatory signature also in human in vivo and that human COL gene set is a valid data set to understand the epithelial signature of inflammation in human IBD. The gene discussed is C4BPB; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.