Furthermore, we observed a downregulation of several TNF-inducible genes that play a central role in curtailing TNF signalling, including the inhibitors of NFκB, NFKBIZ and NFKBIA, RGS1, TNFAIP3 and AREG. Consistent with this observation, Oncostatin M (OSM), a pro-inflammatory cytokine shown to be increased in inflammatory bowel disease patients with poor response to anti-TNF therapy37, was also downregulated by iLD-IL-2. Here, NFKB1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.