Furthermore, we identified an upregulation of major components of the complement pathway, and of cytokines related to innate immunity (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18 and TGF-β).29 At pathway level, the upregulation of nucleic acid metabolism and innate immune sensing during tumour progression was evident in the epithelium of pT1 cancers. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.