A17-year term prospective study by Kristensen team found that the incidence of SSS increased with age, and the other risk factors mainly included atrial fibrillation, heart failure, obesity, NT-proBNP, hypertensive heart disease, gene mutations, and autonomic neuropathy, etc. (15, 29). This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.