Further examination of epithelial integrity using an impedance-based xCELLigence system showed that CDI-induced barrier dysfunction was reversed following pioglitazone administration in HT-29 cells compared to that in C. difficile-infected cells treated with DMSO solvent (Figure 5C), highlighting the causal link between PPAR-γ and tight junctions in the gut. Here, PPARG is linked to clostridium difficile infection.