TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis: More importantly, the excessive disorder of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and many other signaling pathways, such as Notch/Akt, PI3K/Akt, and MAPKs signaling, were found to cross-drive the initiation and progression of many liver diseases, such as liver fibrosis induced by Echinococcus infection (Brehm and Koziol, 2017; Wang Y. et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2022).