VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: In addition to the hypolipidemic effect, Li et al. found that short-chain fatty acids could inhibit LPS or TNFα-induced endothelial inflammatory response and excessive vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression, which are two important steps in the development of atherosclerosis (Li et al., 2018d), and further studies found that SCFA could activate G-protein coupled receptor 41/43 and inhibit HDACs, playing a beneficial role in the treatment of AS-related diseases (Li et al., 2018c).