TNF and COVID-19: Cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), TNF-α, IFN-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and-1β (MIP-1α and-1β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are raised in COVID-19 patients (Martinez and Franco, 2021).