EGFR and cancer: In addition, EGFR-mutated cancer cells can cause an anti-immune response in the TME by inducing a series of immunosuppressive events, including recruitment of immunosuppressive cells such as macrophages and Tregs, overexpression of suppressive immune checkpoints such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, induction of cytokines and TGF-β, and reduction of anti-tumor immune cells such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (10, 11).