Examples of the types of targeted drugs that could be tested include mTOR inhibitors recognizing that the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway is active in human and canine InvUC, that mTOR inhibitors have had at least modest activity in more advanced human InvUC, and that drugs in this class have been evaluated in dogs with other types of cancer (39, 81, 82). Here, MTOR is linked to cancer.