Additionally, the pancreatic secretion, glycerophospholipid metabolism, Rap1, and MAPK signaling pathway were enriched in the grey60 module (Figure 4B) and the thermogenesis process, insulin resistance process, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), oxidative phosphorylation, pyrimidine metabolism, insulin signaling pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, metabolic pathways, and VEGF signaling pathway were enriched in the magenta module and were closely associated with low energy and low protein diets (Figure 4C). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.