TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Numerous studies have shown that hyperglycemic states can cause chronic inflammation and release large amounts of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, that chronic inflammation has an important role in the development and progression of vasculopathy and neuropathy in the middle and late stages of diabetes, and that inflammatory factor levels are positively correlated with the severity of T2DM (Hwang et al., 2008; Akash et al., 2013).