NTM-PD infection is typically observed in adult patients with impaired lung function, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis (10, 11), systemic immune compromise, including TNF antagonist therapy, cytotoxic therapy and steroid therapy (12) and in immune-competent individuals with specific anatomical and physiological characteristics. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.