More recently, our research group has demonstrated that other TLR4 ligands, including the lipid A derivative compounds monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and phosphorylated hexaacyl disaccharides (PHADs), increase leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection, protect against organ injury, and improve survival in a broad array of clinically relevant infections, and these effects extend up to two weeks (10–15). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is infection.