Currently, research shows that atrial fibrosis is an important reason for the occurrence and progress of AF, and its formation and progress are related to transforming growth factor1 (TGF-β1), renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), inflammation, rlatelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and miRNAs (Li et al., 2021). Here, TGFB1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.