AKT1 and Insulin resistance: Zhao (13) reported that the combination of hawthorn polyphenols, D-chiro-inositol, and ECG could improve insulin resistance and reduce fasting blood glucose and hepatic gluconeogenesis by downregulating PI3K/Akt/FOXO1-mediated PEPCK and G6-Pase and upregulating PI3K/Akt/GSK3-mediated hepatic glycogen synthase GS activation in the liver.