TNF and neoplasm: GSEA of tumor hallmarks in the MSigDB database revealed that the high-risk group also showed an enrichment in common signaling pathways, including “epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)”, “hypoxia”, “KRAS signaling”, and “p53 pathway”, and immune-related pathways, including “IL-2-STAT5 signaling”, “inflammatory response”, “interferon gamma response”, and “TNF-α signaling via NF-κB” (Figure 5C and Supplementary Table S7).