Both monotherapy and combination therapy of duravalumab have been shown to be associated with tumor shrinkage in lesions, and these data suggest sustained immunomodulatory effects of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) with clinically low toxic levels in tumor and plasma assays (NCT03739931) 163. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.