However, the aggregation of insoluble Parkin will inhibit its catalytic activity and lead to dopaminergic neuron death caused by accumulation of toxic Parkin substrates, such as p38 (Avraham et al., 2007), ultimately contributing to the pathogenesis of PD (Rubio de la Torre et al., 2009). The gene discussed is PRKN; the disease is Parkinson disease.