To predict the response to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment, Atreya et al. (43) used fluorescent labeled antibodies against membrane-bound TNF (mTNF) to evaluate in vivo, through pCLE, the expression of mTNF in intestinal cells in 25 patients with active CD about to begin therapy with adalimumab. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Cowden disease.