Furthermore, the expression of the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is linked to AGE elevation caused by ribosylation in both astrocytoma cells and astrocytes, resulting in RAGE-dependent NF-κB activation and astrocyte stimulation, further impairing the spatial learning and memory (Han et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).