NPPA and congestive heart failure: In the progress of SAP–ICM–CHF, modules ICM1 and ICM8 are common modules, which involve five genes affecting the whole process (AGT, REN, CDH5, PGF, and FLT1), of which modules ICM5 and ICM7 are specific to the SAP–ICM, involving ADAMTS9 and NPPA, modules ICM6 and ICM9 are specific to ICM–CHF, involving STAT1, ADORAL and APLN.