TNF and infectious disease: The 21 pathways are mostly involved in infectious disease (salmonella, pertussis, staphylococcus aureus, leishmaniasis, and chagas disease), immune system (IL-17 signaling, Th17 cell differentiation, complement and coagulation cascades, and hematopoietic cell lineage), amino acid metabolism (arginine, proline and phenylalanine metabolism), and signal transduction (TNF signaling and HIF-1 signaling) (Fig. 2B).