AKT1 and Insulin resistance: Insulin resistance is inversely associated with circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) [35] and it is reported that insulin resistance could inhibit the synthesis of muscle protein by downregulating the IGF-1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) activity.