Hypergeometric distribution analysis showed that TM4SF1 + cancer cells (Epi-C0) and Clara-like cancer cells (Epi-C1) were highly enriched in the cancer region, and NK cells (T/NK-C4: GNLY and T/NK-C5: NKG7) and mast cells (Mye-C0: TPSB2) colocalized with the above two cancer cell subclusters, while Tregs (T/NK-C6: FOXP3) and mast cells (Mye-C9: CPA3) were absent from the cancer region (Fig. 6d). Here, CPA3 is linked to cancer.