The upregulation of Ctla4 and Lag3 was rather specific as no significant changes were observed in mRNA levels of Cd80 and Cd86 (two CTLA4 ligands present in the antigen-presenting (tumour) cells), Tim-3/Galectin-9 (Havcr2/Lgals9), and Pd-l1 (Cd274) immune checkpoints (Figs. 5A, S2E, F). Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.