BRCA1 and breast cancer: Additionally, when our predictions undershoot the number of mutations actually observed, whether for the whole population or for a subset of patients (points above the gray identity line in Fig. 1 or above the red line in Fig. 2), this can be due to environmental exposures (e.g., smoking or sun exposure), germline mutations (e.g., BRCA1-2 in breast cancer) or genomic instabilities (e.g., microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer) affecting these patients.