HMOX1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: 2019). FA is characterised by low toxicity and possesses various physiological potentials, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities (Zduńska et al. 2018; Li et al. 2021). FA is capable of restraining LPS-induced ALI by alleviating the inflammatory cascade in mice (Mir et al. 2018). Notably, FA can improve intestinal epithelial barrier function by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway (He et al. 2019). As recently highlighted, Nrf2 protects against intestinal ischemia–reperfusion-induced ALI by reducing ferroptosis (Dong et al. 2020).