INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: As a consequence, T1D individuals are required to maintain their blood glucose (BG) in a safe range (70–180 mg/dL) via insulin injections, carbohydrate (CHO) intake, and physical exercise to avoid the consequences of harmful events, known as hyperglycemia (BG > 180 mg/dL) and hypoglycemia (BG < 70 mg/dL).