HMGCL and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Similarly, it was shown that other ketogenic enzymes such as ACAT1, HMGCL and/or BDH1/2 levels were significantly downregulated in ccRCC cells and patients [36], acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and AML cell lines [37], and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells [40,136].