MAPK3 and neoplasm: In contrast, it was reported that HMGCL expression was upregulated in oncogenic mutant BRAF V600E-expressing cancer cells and the increased AcAc promoted activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling that drives tumor cell proliferation and growth [39].