TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: It has also been found to inhibit the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling factors—extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38MAPK—as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in adipocytes and macrophages, along with inhibiting lipid accumulation and obesity-induced inflammation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, zebrafish, and mice models [64].