A similar process is thought to occur with SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced complement activation, resulting in increased infiltration of several types of immune cells (i.e., MOs, Mɸs, DCs, PMNs, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells), an overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN α, IFNγ, TNFα, IL1, IL2, IL6, IL7, IL8, IL12, IL17) and a decreased production of IFNα and IFNβ in COVID-19 patients (Table 1 and Table 2). Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.