Similarly, the abnormal production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was identified, including interferon-alpha (IFNα), IFN-gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1 (IL1), IL2, IL6, IL7, IL8, IL12, IL17), CCL (C-C motif ligand chemokines, e.g., CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5), CXCL (C-X-C motif ligand chemokines, e.g., CXCL9 and CXCL10), and growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor-beta, TGFβ), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), granulocyte-Mɸ colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) in COVID-19 and GD (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4). Here, CCL5 is linked to COVID-19.