TNF and Alzheimer disease: IL-4 and IL-13 have thus been combined with other immunostimulating agents, which appear to yield AD-like changes in KC differentiation (IL-25) [19], inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1α) [20], pruritus reaction (IL-31) [16], KC activation (IL-22) [21] and innate immune response (Poly I:C) [22].