MAPK14 and Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia can stimulate TGFβ1 expression by inducing the activation of the human TGFβ1 promoter through the AP-1 transcription factor under the regulation of the protein kinase C and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways or by transcriptional activation induced by a putative glucose-responsive element present in the TGFβ1 promoter [45,47].