Whereas for patients with highly positive PD-L1 tumors (tumor proportion score, TPS ≥ 50%), single-agent immunotherapy has been consistently shown to be superior to chemotherapy, combination strategies are required for effectively treating patients with negative (<1%) or low-positive (1–49%) tumors, a population accounting for 70%–75% of NSCLC patients [10]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.