TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: Repetitive injury leads to dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, including increased tissue (TGF)-β1-mediated myofibroblast differentiation and reduced collagen degradation [3,4,5,6], which all contribute to accumulated collagen in organs (e.g., the heart and kidneys), driving towards progressive cardiac and renal fibrosis, which eventually cause organ dysfunction [7].