TNF and infection: However, a recent study showed that the hazard ratio for serious infection in patients with RA using methotrexate + TNF inhibitors was non-significant (HR = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87–1.74) when compared with patients with RA using triple csDMARDs (methotrexate + sulfasalazine + hydroxychloroquine) [98], which supports that adding TNF inhibitors for patients with RA does not further increase infection risk.