EDN1 and diabetes mellitus: Since it has been shown that altered intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis inhibits the formation of autophagosomes [54] and that ET-1 can activate Ca2+ mobilization pathways [38], measuring free Ca2+ and examining Ca2+ signaling after diabetic stimuli in isolated cardiomyocytes may be an important future strategy to study diabetes-associated autophagy impairment.