TGFB1 and cancer: Furthermore, TGF-β plays an important role in the alteration of early epithelial cancer cells to invasive metastatic cancer cells by promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) [36], and it has recently been stated that its high expression could significantly predict poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC, since it also stimulates angiogenesis and induces immunosuppression [21].