Furthermore, a previous study performed in parkinsonian rats induced by the inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, another catabolic pathway different from autophagy, whose dysfunction also exerts a pathogenic role in PD, demonstrated that rTMS exerts neuroprotective effects by alleviating the loss of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons, by preventing the loss of striatal dopamine levels, by reducing the levels of apoptotic protein (cleaved caspase-3) and inflammatory factors (cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) in lesioned substantia nigra [57]. This evidence concerns the gene TH and Parkinson disease.