VEGFA and cancer: Moreover, it has been shown that knockdown of BRAF causes a significant immunological effect in the TME that includes enhanced production of IFN-g and TNF-a, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) [116], increased cytotoxic T cells [116], and higher expression of MHC on cancer cells [117], and lower production of immunosuppressant cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-10 and VEGF [117], which are in favor of anti-tumor immunity.