In clinical studies, ~10% of AML patients were identified to have translocations near the RUNX1 chromosomal region [96,97], ~7% of esophageal cancer patients had RUNX1 deletion mutations [98], and ~4% of breast cancer patients had RUNX1 inactivating mutations (Table 2) [17]. The gene discussed is RUNX1; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.