Furthermore, two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the leptin gene, namely LEP rs2167270 and LEP rs4731426, only affect females by increasing their risk for CRC independent of obesity; the SNP variant of adiponectin ADIPOQ rs17366743 is positively associated with obesity only in males and thus poses a risk for the development of CRC [49]. Here, LEP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.